The Rise of the European State and the Modern State Essay

The Rise of the European State and the Modern State - Essay Example According to Garner, Ferdinand and Lawson (2009), strong democracies have full fledged institutions that function to dispense the will of the people, effectively. Normally, strong democracies do not only boast of institutions that are fully functioning, but also institutions that discharge the will of the masses. These institutions may include public, nongovernmental and even private institutions, albeit emphasis is placed on public institutions. For this cause, institutions that make up the judiciary, the legislature and the executive are highly considered if they meet the threshold or not. For instance, an event that clearly epitomizes the democratic nature of strong judicial and legislative institutions in the US. Herein, although these institutions effectively and consistently discharge their duties as outlined in the US Constitutions, yet they did not arrogate themselves the authority to make marriage amendments without the involvement of the US citizens. Resultantly, to decide the fate of homosexual marriages in North Carolina, North Carolinians were extended the ultimate decision through voting, on May 8th, 2012. Thus, one can see that the strength of democratic institutions is not only hinged upon consistent and effective discharging of mandate, but also upon proximity of such initiatives to the will of the public. The will of the public is important herein since the legitimacy of these institutions and the government’s authority emanates from their closeness to public will.  ... Mostly, this weakness emanates from the absence of checks and balance and separation of powers. This absence denudates the effectiveness of these institutions by breeding external interference. In most cases, it is the head of the executive who does the interference. In weak states, important institutions such as electoral commissions and courts of law are unable to operate with autonomy, leading to spates of post-election violence and acts akin to crimes against humanity. Again, these states may be weak enough to be infiltrated by sectarian interests, instead of serving the interests of the majority or the people (Rotberg, 2003). States in the International Community That May Be Considered Just Too Weak To Continue Demanding Recognition One of the countries that aptly fit the class of weak states is Somalia. The weakness of Somalia is evidenced by its inability to provide public or social goods such as security, despite the fact that it has all the instruments of coercion (the priso n system, the police and the army). It is against this backdrop that large swathes of Somali land such as Jilib are still under the control of the Islamist organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahedeen (commonly known as al-Shabaab). The ineffectiveness of the country is also underscored by the facts that: the presence and operation of al-Shabaab form a parallel government to that of Transitional Somali Government; and that foreign terrorist cells such as al- Qaeda are sponsoring al-Shabaab’s presence and operations in Somalia. The latter is the case since terrorists are bent on destabilizing Somalia as a strategic point to expand to Africa. The same also exposes the vulnerability of the Somali government since it

Biology project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology project - Essay Example The moment this happen, there is no death of cell when they should; later, new cells form regardless of whether the body needs them or not. The extra cells which formed can develop into a mass of tissue that is popularly known as Tumor. Tumor (Cancer Council, 1: 6) may exist as lump; it can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (not cancerous). Cancer cells that grow larger than "pin's head" typically has their own blood vessel. Occasionally, they go away from the primary location of the cancer either by the region of the blood or lymph vessels and later begin to invade other organs of the body. At the new site, they continue to grow to form another tumor (Cancer Council, 1: 7). Specific type of cancer is Lymphoma. Lymphoma (Michigan Cancer Consortium, 1:1) that affects white blood cells known as lymphocytes. These are immune cells which are basically working to protect the body from getting. In lymphoma, malignant cells are formed and may accumulate to develop into tumors. Later it enlarge; making lymph nodes seemed swollen while other cancer cells spread to other parts of the lymphatic system like bone marrow, spleen, skin, or mucosal linings of the stomach. Common symptoms caused by this illness are : Drenching night sweats, Persistent fevers or chills, Persistent skin rashes and itching, Unexplained weight loss, Unexplained fatigue, Painless swelling of lymph node (Kuppers, 2:34). Lymphoma is the most commonly existing blood cancer, and in fact, it is the third common childhood cancer. Since the 1970s, the incidence rate of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) with each year has increased 4% annually (Karl, 1:par Your Name Here 2 2. Research the mechanism of that particular cancer i.e. what enzymes, proteins are involved).Basically, lymphomas are cancers which begin by the "malignant transformation" of a WBC lymphocyte in the areas of the lymphatic system. Many lymphomas are known to be due to specific genetic mutations.Lymphocytes recognize pathogens (infections and abnormal cells) and destroy them. There are 2 major subtypes of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, also referred to as B cells and T cells. B lymphocytes are much affected in individuals with lymphoma; Note that the former produce antibodies. When a cancer causing agent like a virus is detected, the T cells, are immediately activated, which in turn kill pathogens directly. Part of the mechanisms of T cells are the immune system control (controlling over activity or under activity). B and T lymphocytes are the one's fighting off an invader. Cancer occurs the moment normal cells undergo a transition whereby they grow at the same time mul tiply uncontrollably. Consequently, as the cells continue to multiply, formation of mass or tumor may also be formed. Tumors usually invade tissue spaces and areas surrounding it; if lymphomas are no controlled, it can progress on and/or invade the neighboring tissues or distant organs (emedicinehealth.com; 7). Tyrosine (protein) kinase and the phosphoinositide